Tense choices in academic texts can vary depending on the sections of research papers, essays, dissertations, or theses and the specific purpose of the writing. Proper tenses help establish the context, describe the current state of knowledge, and discuss the implications of the research. Inconsistent or incorrect tenses can lead to confusion, undermining the clarity and credibility of the writing.
The following breakdown of tense tendencies by section will help you navigate your use of tenses. However, depending on your topic and the specific information you are conveying, you may need to shift tenses within a section.
Abstract or Summary
Present simple: for facts and general truisms; to say what the paper does
This article analyzes the effects of climate change on biodiversity in tropical ecosystems.
The present study evaluates the effectiveness of a new teaching method in improving student learning outcomes.
Present perfect: for past events or research still relevant to the present
Numerous studies have investigated the impacts of climate change on various species and habitats.
Educational researchers have developed and tested various teaching methods to enhance student engagement and performance.
Introduction
Present simple: to say what the paper does and why it is important
This article examines the impact of social media on political polarization and discusses its implications for democratic processes.
Understanding the factors that influence consumer behavior is essential for developing effective marketing strategies.
Past simple: to provide historical background
In the early 20th century, John B. Watson introduced the concept of behaviorism, which dominated the field of psychology for decades.
The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.
Theoretical Framework
Present simple: to describe theories and provide definitions
The theory of planned behavior posits that an individual’s intention to perform a behavior is the primary determinant of their actual behavior.
Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person holds two or more conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values simultaneously.
Literature Review
Present perfect: for past research still relevant to the paper’s current research
Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes in adolescents.
Researchers have found that mindfulness-based interventions can be effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Past simple: to describe specific steps or actions of past researchers
Johnson et al. conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a new treatment for chronic pain.
Smith and Jones analyzed data from a large-scale survey to examine the prevalence of depression among college students.
Methods and Results
Past simple: for events that began and ended in the past, such as an experiment
The survey found that most respondents had positive attitudes.
A chi-square test was used to analyze the categorical data.
We discovered an unexpected interaction effect.
Present simple: to describe a tool’s function (which does not change over time)
These fitness trackers are popular among health-conscious consumers.
The machine learning algorithm identifies patterns in user behavior.
Conclusions or Discussion
Present simple: for interpretations of data
The market research report indicates a growing demand for eco-friendly products.
However, we cannot conclude that consumers are willing to pay premium prices based on this data alone.
Limitations
Past simple: for details about how the study happened
This study used a convenience sample of university students, which limited the generalizability of the findings.
The experiment took place in a controlled lab setting, so the results may not translate directly to real-world situations.
Recommendations and Implications
Modal auxiliary to indicate lack of a certain outcome or simple future with hedging word: for thoughts on what future studies might focus on, and for careful predictions
Modal auxiliary
The interviews may indicate a need for better training on using the new software.
Future studies should examine the long-term impacts on employee productivity.
Simple future with hedging word
Based on the findings, sales will probably decline if pricing is not adjusted.
Consumer preferences might possibly shift towards more sustainable product lines.